The IELTS official descriptor says Part 3 tests your ability to do five things. This page teaches each one with discourse markers and chain-of-thought frameworks.
Each verb maps to specific discourse markers. Knowing which to reach for in real time is half the battle.
State what you think clearly. Do not hide behind "maybe" when the question asks for YOUR view. Own it, then qualify.
Explain WHY you think what you think. Every opinion needs a because. Use cause-effect markers and concrete examples.
Break things down. Identify causes, effects, patterns, and layers. Show you can pull apart a complex issue.
Explore multiple sides. Compare, contrast, weigh up. Show the examiner you understand complexity.
Look forward. Imagine possibilities. Use hypothetical language to show you can think beyond the present.
A chain of thought is a mental structure for your answer. Instead of thinking "what do I say next," you follow a path. Each chain maps to specific verbs.
Start broad to show context, zoom into a concrete case, then pivot to a deeper layer. Makes your answer feel like real thinking, not a script.
General: Generally speaking... / Broadly... / On the whole... / As a rule... / In most cases... / It is often said that...
Specific: For instance... / Take... as an example... / To illustrate... / A case in point is... / Specifically...
Pivot: However... / That said... / Having said that... / But on the other hand... / Although it is worth noting... / The flip side is...
The temporal arc. Start with what is happening now, trace back to what caused it, then project forward. Examiners love this for "how has X changed" questions.
Present: Nowadays... / These days... / Currently... / At present... / In today's world...
Past: Historically... / In the past... / Going back a generation... / It used to be that... / Not that long ago... / This shift can be traced back to...
Future: Looking ahead... / It is likely that... / I would not be surprised if... / If this trend continues... / In all likelihood... / The way things are going...
The compare-and-weigh structure. Present two angles or groups, then draw a conclusion from the comparison. Ideal for "what is the difference between" and "which is better" questions.
Situation A: On one hand... / For some people... / In certain contexts... / One way to look at this is... / From one perspective...
Situation B: On the other hand... / Whereas... / In contrast... / For others... / Meanwhile... / By comparison... / On the flip side...
Synthesis: Ultimately... / What this tells us is... / The key difference appears to be... / When you weigh it all up... / So the takeaway is... / What both sides reveal is...
All discourse markers grouped by function. These signal the structure of your answer so the examiner follows your logic.
Tap any question to reveal topic-specific phrases and example sentences. Apply the chains of thought and discourse markers you have just learned. May-Aug 2026 question bank.